Jumat, 23 Oktober 2009

TExES Science 4-8 Exam - How to Pass It

Throughout my life, I have been inspired and challenged to overcome the many fears and weaknesses that I have. One of my weaknesses are the subjects of Science and Math. I was never good at these subjects in school, and I dreaded taking these classes. However, once I became a teacher, I decided that passing the Science 4-8 exam was an important goal of mine. After studying for about one month, I passed the test with flying colors!

So how did I do it? Well, first make sure that you have a structured study plan. Make it a habit to study at a certain time consistently. This way, your body will be conditioned to feel the urge to learn at a certain time. Next, get a good study guide. I checked several guides, but the one that I went with was the XAM Science 4-8 manual. Although there were a surprising number of typos in the book, it gave me a good foundation for what to expect on the test.

I would also recommend that you purchase the Cliffs Notes books on Biology, Chemistry, and Earth Science. It is a great supplemental guide that should help you when you get stuck on a concept. I would recommend that you study and prepare at least 2 weeks to ensure that you pass. If you are unable to pass the test, you will not be able to retake it again until 3 months later.

Also, I would recommend that you take the test at a center where you can test on a computer. It will save you the hassle of being in a crowded room of people, and you will be able to take the test at your convenient time.
Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ron_Holden

The Bible, the Bone Yards, and the Genesis Flood - Part III

Bone Yards: Massive, colossal, graveyards all around the World!

Many of the following examples include marine and land animals buried together; a practical impossibility, except for a massive, catastrophic global flood.

Desert Finds

· Sahara Desert, Africa: two sauropods (huge long-necked dinosaurs) piled on top of one another, covered in river sediments; victims of a great flood, per Paul Sareno, on the National Geographic special "Dinosaur Fever", December 13, 1998

· Egyptian Whales: Fossils in a kitchen counter; countertop mfgr. in Italy, discovered a fossil in a slab of limestone marble that was being cut and ground for a high-end kitchen counter; the marble was from Egypt, a region that is 95% desert; paleontologists have been digging up whale bones there for decades; per National Geographic, Egypt's desert is littered with marine life; it is an area "...once covered by the ocean" (millions of years ago!)

· Atacama; Northern Chile: a six hundred mile desert strip, 7000' (1.33 miles) above sea level, representing the driest place in the world (50 times drier than Death valley, in California); no life form, nothing rots (indigenous people buried there well preserved-few microorganisms survive that can break down body tissues); Giant 4.5' tall penguins, Baleen whale fossils, myriads of megalodon teeth (gigantic forerunner to today's Great White shark, up to 60' long, 5' mouth openings, w-teeth up to 8" long!), ammonites and other marine fossils thrown around in an ancient flood deposit (see side bar above), prove the ocean water level in the area was once much greater than one mile above current sea level; in order for this to be true, the ocean water covering the Atacama could not have but covered an area far greater than local coverage, in all directions (in other words, this and other mountain fossil graveyards are by no means the product of "local" flooding); in fact, given the impracticality and the improbability of a sloping or ramping up of the ocean so as to cover the Atacama, it therefore cannot be but that at the time when ocean waters rose to a level higher than one mile over normal, all water levels worldwide must also have risen, which means that flooding was promoted at all similar levels all around the world! Thus, a 7000' rise in sea level so that the Atacama is covered, mandates a 7000' rise, wherever there is ocean water (see expert from answers.com, at the beginning of this piece.). Hence, when the Chilean Desert was covered, so was most if not all similar points American, the Mt. Etna caves, in Sicily and the Gobi, in Mongolia!

· Gobi Desert: dinosaur beds; "bone yard of the lost world"; 3000' to 5000' above sea level; 300 miles of rocky desert, the world's fifth largest, entirely sand on the western end; known for its important paleontological finds, which include mammals, the first dinosaur eggs and coal (an organic mineral and energy source, containing the remains of plants and animals, meaning it is a "fossil" fuel)

African finds

· Karoo Formation, of southern Africa: immense and densely packed with bones (some claim 800 billion vertebrate animals, a number that may be a bit farfetched); bones are still sticking out of the ground, after years of collecting; sediment composition is mostly sandstone and shale, up to 20,000' deep, across hundreds of miles (800 billion may not be so farfetched after all)! It is unmatched by any other fossil find anywhere else on earth. There is no way to account for this or any other such pile-up of bones, apart from the uplift imparted by a massive, surging flood of waters. It is not the consequence of millions of years of creatures falling on top of each other in death.

Asian Finds

· China, Jiayuguan: Chicken Bone Hill & Pao Te Hsien; the Liaoning fossil beds, site of dinosaur remains containing soft tissue and feathers; ancient relative of T. Rex; other massive fossil finds in China

· Monogolia, 2 days drive from Ulan Bator: 187 parrot-beaked dinosaurs (6.5' lizard, with a mouth like a parrot), all found within an area of only several square miles, fossilized at the same time, obviously rapidly buried in a water-borne sediment.

· Siberian Russia: "The pinnacle of the great fossil graveyards must be that of the Arctic and Siberia." Mammoths-an estimated five million-thousands of them, found "flash" frozen, as it were, in the permafrost, in northern Russia (while standing on their feet, alive, apparently before they could be overcome, lifted, and drowned by the flood waters!), along with elephants, horses, lions, foxes, camels and other species.

· West Indies, Guadeloupe: extremely hard limestone slab, almost a mile long-per records from the 18th century-containing the skeletons of many humans, who resemble modern day mankind; in a contradiction of "time", per geologists, the 25 million year old rock actually lies 7' to 10' below a coral reef that (conversely, also by geological/paleontological reckoning) is only 1 million years old.
Australian Finds
Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=A._Mitchell

The Bible, the Bone Yards, and the Genesis Flood - Part IV

Coal and Crude:

Some of the massive, colossal graveyards found all over the global did not suffer just a swift burial of plant debris and animal carcasses. Many, buried at a greater depth, were beneficiaries of humongous compression and great pressures and temperatures coupled with other "proper" conditions, including de-oxidation, which led to the vast coal, natural gas and oil fields of our day. Plants account for the coal beds; animals formed the oil fields (ordinarily). This again re-emphasizes the shear magnitude of the amount of vegetation on this planet before the flood, and the number of animals that roamed at the time. A rock hitting the earth could not and did not kill that much vegetation, or, all those creatures.

Side Bar

A thin section of coal, viewed under a microscope will reveal "...mass of plant debris, pieces of bark, wood, leaves, cells, spores and algae all floating in a black jelly." (end of side bar)

"700 trillion tons of vegetation are buried in the world's coal beds" found in every continent, Antarctica included, along with all of those massive graveyards of bones already mentioned. As with the bone yards, so likewise the evidence shows that graveyards of peat and the several grades of coal were begun as gargantuan depositories, with massive piles of trees, all stacked on top of each other-as if by some great catastrophe (the one to which you rightly appeal, Mr. Loy!)-then covered quickly by an unimaginable tonnage of sedimentary rock, which through enormous compression, squeezed out oxygen and moisture, thereby preventing decomposition, while prompting and promoting a chemical transformation; which in turn left coal in its wake. Similarly, the crude deposits around the world are the byproduct of giant graveyards of animal carcasses buried at a much greater depth, and thereby subjected to much greater pressure and heat than the bone yards. Whatever the depth of either end product, be it coal or crude, the initial pile of debris had to have been many times greater (a 10' coal seam, may have begun with a pile of dead plants 3 or 4 times higher.). It was this stifling pressure, absent of oxygen and other life gases (hydrogen and carbon), along with heat that set in motion the cogwheels of a chemical transformation that has given us our present day coal (plant debris; almost pure carbon, only 6% hydrogen) and oil preserves (animal fat; 10% to 50% hydrogen). Natural gas and petroleum deposits are, like crude, 10% to 50% hydrogen but, formed almost exclusively from deposits of marine life.

Accounting for the presence of all this debris is absolutely critical. How did it ever come to be? How did all of these mounds of plants and animals ever form? Decomposition and decay factors quite preclude the slightest possibility that all of this animal and plant carnage simply walked to its point of death and/or fell into place over unfathomable periods of time. As shown already, there is no other way these huge, tangled wreckages of jumbled deposits could ever have been formed, world-wide-layers upon layers as they were-apart from a calamitous event such as the Bible's flood, by means of which every tree and carcass was lifted into place, where they could settle and be buried in limestone, mud, and sand, as the water receded. The neat thin geological layers, free from any hint of trauma, as envisioned by evolutionary doubters and Bible flood-scoffers, simply do not and have not ever existed. They are nothing more than fabrications of over zealous, incredulous minds and, therefore lies.

The process needed to produce this coal and crude did not require vast periods of time (millions of years), as has been suggested by evolutionary geologists.

Conclusion

Thus, my friends, the ill-informed and poorly reasoned assumptions you proffer are soundly and roundly refuted, relative to geology and the practicality of a Bible-based flood. You say or you infer that man's "fallibility" inherently makes anything he says or writes wrong, or, prone to error. In that the geologist/paleontologist by his own work (and, increasingly by his words) has indeed proven himself wrong, world without end, and the Bible right, explain then how the Bible, having been penned exactly as it states-by men under the inspiration of God-must therefore be wrong! To the degree that his knowledge and work confirms the Bible, shows up and settles your ignorance in the process, explain then as well how you-having spoken so eloquently, albeit, ex-cathedra!-are therefore less subject to the mantle of fallibility than either the Bible writers or the modern geologists and paleontologists!

The biblical flood did occur. The ancient animals, dinosaurs and plants were not destroyed by any supposed meteor strike, nor was there any supposed shortage of food for the super large among the animal kingdom. The earth was in fact teeming with life, as evinced by the presence in our day of bountiful evidences in the form of undeniable, irrefutable grave or bone yards, coal beds, crude/petroleum/natural gas deposits-all scattered all around the world, on all seven continents in staggering numbers, in the same basic strata. All of this ancient life was destroyed by a magnificent flood, per the Bible's prescription, at the same time, otherwise rot and decay would have prevented the formation of those vast coal, crude, and natural gas preserves.

The Bible in light of modern Archaeology

Now let us consider the Bible from a purely historical point of view (in terms of people), in light of the physical science of modern archaeology. Some say, on highly questionable authority (if on any authority at all), that it is a book of fables, Jewish folk-lore, having no basis historically. If this be true then, would it not negate this assertion (and similar commentary) excerpted and quoted from an otherwise authoritative, highly respected, non-religious, knowledgeable, objective and unbiased news and history reporting-source like the periodical "U. S. News & World Report"? Consider:

· "A wave of archaeological discoveries is altering old ideas about the roots of Christianity and Judaism-and affirming that the Bible is more historically accurate than many scholars thought."

· "Even on the critics' own terms-historical fact-the Scriptures seem more acceptable now than they did when the rationalists began the attack."

Time Magazine, 12/30/74

That said, we could here and now wrap up this segment of discussion and, go home. After all, who among minor league scoffers is even remotely prepared to be at loggerheads with even the least of the researchers, reporters and contributors to the likes of these two magazines (versed as they are in theses geological and archaeological genres as well as the Bible-in which they yet don't believe either)? Nevertheless, we press on.

It is said that Napolean's invasion of Egypt in 1798 provided the basis for the official launch of archaeology as we know it. Actual digging did not begin, however, until fifty years later with Botta in 1842 and Layard in 1845, in Mesopotamia. Ira M. Price, in his Monuments and the Old Testament (1899), has written that 100 years prior, there was no other source by which might be known the certainty of the ages past. There was no other representation of the millennial years leading up to the advent of the Greeks and the Romans, apart from the Bible.

On the other hand, archaeology, per R. K. Harrison, paints "...a reasonably precise picture" of all the Bible's claims. According to one Nelson Gleuck, one of the greatest authorities in Biblical archaeology, "As a matter of fact, however, it may be stated categorically that no archaeological discovery has ever controverted a Biblical reference." Entire periods of Old Testament history, previously unknown otherwise to generations of scholars, can now be reconstructed, thanks to this scientific study of ancient cultures (all of which then begs the question, in what sense is your feeble "analysis" scientific? Why would any geologist or historian be obliged to take notice of thereof, to say noting of ordering his life and/or work around it?). Hence, far from disproving the Book of books, archaeology (basis and chief cornerstone to all informed and reasoned criticism) has established itself, therefore, as "...the Bible's best supporting witness".
Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=A._Mitchell

Fun Facts About Iraq - Home of Ancient Civilizations


History

Did you know...Present-day Iraq was home of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization, which had been located in the Tigris-Euphrates river valley.

Democracy

Did you Know...After several decades of tyrannical rule, Iraq has made substantial progress in political reforms. In the key October 2005 referendum, a new constitution was adopted -- the first democratic constitution in 73 years -- and a new Parliament (a 275-member Council of Representatives) was chosen in elections. Meanwhile, Ibrahim al-Jaafari assumed power in the country. He was the country's first pro-democratic leader to take up the post of Head of Government; then al-Jaafari was succeeded by Nuri al-Maliki. The new government has been recognized by several nations of the world. The country was one of the world's worst dictatorships from 1979 until 2003 when Saddam Hussein was overthrown.

Geography

Did you know...The Arab country is the 65th largest nation on Earth, ahead of Japan, Germany and Norway. It -- 168,754 square miles-- is about the size of California.

Olympic Games

Did you know... Six athletes competed for Iraq, a war-torn country since 1990, at the Summer Olympic Games in the People's Republic of China. During that time, the Iraqi Olympic Committee had their hopes pinned on Ali Adnan, an archer. Before the 2008 Olympics, Adnan had trained in the Republic of Korea, the world's Olympic archery superpower.

Economics

Did you know... . In the 1950s, Iraq had a relatively high GDP per capita in comparison to most Asian nations, including South Korea, Malaysia, and Taiwan.

The Mother Teresa of Iraq

Did you know...The country's idol Madeeha Hasan Odhaib, a former seamstress, was named one of "Time" magazine's 2008 100 Most Influential People in the world.In the last years, she backed up a host of women and children in the Arab nation. "Iraq is suffering one of the worst humanitarian crises we have ever seen. While Madeeha rightly makes Time's list, women like her are found throughout Iraq, sewing hope one stitch at a time. Through Madeeha we celebrate all of Iraq's courageous women, whose resilience and resourcefulness hold the promise of a new dawn", said Rania, Queen of Jordan, of Madeeha.

Universal Wonders

Did you know...The California-size land boasts three UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

- Hatra
- Ashur
- Samarra Archaeological City

Soccer

Did you know...In 2004, the national team finished fourth in the Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, behind Argentina, Paraguay and Italy and ahead of South Korea and Australia. Exactly three years on, the Iraqi men's soccer national squad won the Asian Cup in 2007 (the winners of the regional tournament are often seen like the favorites to qualify for the FIFA World Cup). The award had been a long time in coming. In a country that's sometimes been unfairly viewed as one of the world's worst Olympic nations, this victory became an example for many impoverished countries in the Third World. Since then, Iraq's victory set off a wave of euphoria across Baghdad and Arbil, as well as Mosul and other Iraqi metropolises. The war-torn country of Iraq had never won an international tournament of such standing before.

Ancient Wonders

Did you know...Modern-day Iraq was the site of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. These gardens were built by King Nebuchadnezzar II about 600 BC. Like the Colossus of Rhodes and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the gardens were destroyed by time.

International Organizations

Did you know...The country of Iraq is a full member of the United Nations as well as the League of Arab States and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (also known as OPEC ). On December 21, 1945, the Arab nation was endorsed by the UN. In the early 1980s, Iraq's ambassador Ismat Kittani became President of the Assembly of the United Nations in New York City, NY.

Independence

Did you know...The gradual introduction of reforms in the 1920s led to independence from Britain in the early 1930s, following the World War II , and Iraq became a modern monarchy.

Iraq in Miss Universe

Did you know...Inspired by Georgina Rizk's victory in Miss Universe 1971, the Arab nation sent a contestant to the Miss Universe Pageant in San Juan de Puerto Rico in July 1972. Miss Iraq Universe, Wijdan Burham El-Deen Sulyman , arrived on Puerto Rico to an enthusiastic welcome, but she was eliminated in the first round. No other Iraqi woman had ever participated in it before.

Authors

Did you know...Feisal II, former King of Iraq, published "How To Defend Yourself ", a book on judo.

National Icons

Did you know... After winning the 2007 Asian Cup and other awards, Younes Mahmoud became the toast of his homeland. In Italy, in November 2007, Iraq's soccer player Younes Mahmoud won the "Facchetti Award", a prize in memory of Giacinto Facchetti, one of Europe's most popular soccer players in the past century. Facchetti's son Gianfelice has said of Younes: "I thought of Younes, because he, like my father, has left a beautiful legacy. He has given his fellow-countrymen hope and optimism with the goal which enabled Iraq to win the Asian Cup in the final against Saudi Arabia. He is the athlete who triggered the first real celebration in his country after years of horror. He has proved that the will of man is stronger than a war which started with a lie and which has never been explained".

Iraq's Capital

Did you know...Baghdad is one of the oldest metropolises in the world. Apart from that, from 1932 to 1955, it was one of Arab's most important cities, along with Cairo, Alexandria, Casablanca, Tehran and Karachi.

History

Did you know...Between 1932 and 1947, despite being made up of more than 10 ethnic groups, Iraq was one of the most stable and peaceful nations in the Middle East. During that time, it had not had wars, conflicts, coup d' etats, Marxist revolutions, and terrorism. The Asian nation had been put on the tourism map: it was well-known for its historical buildings, archaeological sites and Arab markets, as well as exotic dancers and friendly people.

Famous Women

Did you know... The California-size land is home to a number of notable women: Sabiha Al-Dabbagh, doctor; Sabiha Al-Khated, feminist; Intisar Shaker,athlete; Take Zaha Hadid, achitect; Queen Aliyah; Nzik Al-Mala Ikah, author; Suad Abdallah, performer; Hanaa Busha, feminist.

Ancient Empires

Did you know...Modern-Iraq was part of the Ottoman Empire.

Alejandro Guevara Onofre: Freelance writer. Alejandro is of Italian, African and Peruvian ancestry. He has published more than seventy-five research paper in English, and more than twenty in Spanish, concerning the world issues, olympic sports, countries, and tourism. His next essay is called "The Dictator and Alicia Alonso". He is an expert on foreign affairs. Alejandro is the first author who has published a world-book encyclopedia in Latin America.
Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Alejandro_Guevara_Onofre